Bypass pipes, accompanied by a three-way control valve, are often seen in hydronic systems at both served loads (e.g., reheat coils) as well as at primary equipment (e.g., cooling towers). Reasons for ...

"This motivated us to search for a new law that could work for any type of fluid moving at any rate through a pipe of any size." Flows of liquids and gasses through pipes, tubes, and ducts occur in ...

There’s a debate among commercial and industrial hydronic system designers: how best to refine and enhance pumping and system efficiency to precisely match output to load (need). Decades ago, ...

Ordinarily, if you want liquid to flow in only one direction through a pipe, that pipe needs to be equipped with a flap-type valve – which could fail. Now, however, scientists have created a new type ...